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.... [http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/APL-hist.html "A Personal History of APL"] appendix A. [[IPSA '82]].</ref> ...ays. [http://smartarrays.com/downloads/aplblossomtime/aplblossomtime.html "APL Blossom Time"].</ref>

...t is defined in [[J]], [[NARS2000]], [[dzaima/APL]], and [[Extended Dyalog APL]]. == History ==

...lang=apl inline>x</syntaxhighlight> is equivalent to <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>0=x</syntaxhighlight>. <syntaxhighlight lang=apl>

...nterpreter-level control, access to the environment, and information about APL itself. == History ==

...te|⍨}}, or <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊂</syntaxhighlight> in [[SHARP APL]], is a [[monadic operator]] that takes a [[dyadic function]] as operand an <syntaxhighlight lang=apl>

...yntaxhighlight> and never for the one represented by <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>↑</syntaxhighlight>, which is called "First" or "Mix". In the [[SHARP APL]] family, the behavior of Mix follows automatically by giving Disclose a [[

...d record the history of programming language development. It is notable to APL historians because of the very detailed papers presented at the 1978 and 20 ...i]] and [[Morten Kromberg]]. [https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3386319 ''APL since 1978'']. ACM HOPL IV. 2020-06.</ref>

...lements, it cannot be consistently extended in this way. However, some non-APL languages and the [[A+]] dialect, which breaks [[backwards compatibility]], == History ==

...fluenced by = [[wikipedia:Forth (programming language)|Forth]], APL ...nfluenced language written by Bernd Ulmann. Lang5 draws features from both APL and Forth, and uses those together to create its own array based system. La

{{APL dialects}}[[Category:Timelines]][[Category:APL history]][[Category:Lists of languages]]

...ht lang=apl> (g ⍤ h) ⍵</syntaxhighlight>|| {{←→}} ||<syntaxhighlight lang=apl>g (h ⍵)</syntaxhighlight> ...ht lang=apl>⍺ (g ⍤ h) ⍵</syntaxhighlight>|| {{←→}} ||<syntaxhighlight lang=apl>g (⍺ h ⍵)</syntaxhighlight>

...ht lang=apl> (g ⍥ h) ⍵</syntaxhighlight>|| {{←→}} ||<syntaxhighlight lang=apl>g (h ⍵)</syntaxhighlight> ...ht lang=apl>⍺ (g ⍥ h) ⍵</syntaxhighlight>|| {{←→}} ||<syntaxhighlight lang=apl>(h ⍺) g (h ⍵)</syntaxhighlight>

{{Built-in|Under|⍢}}, or '''Dual''' (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>¨</syntaxhighlight>), is a [[primitive operator|primitive]] [[dyadi <syntaxhighlight lang=apl> _U_ ← {⍺←{⍵ ⋄ ⍺⍺} ⋄ ⍵⍵⍣¯1⊢(⍵⍵ ⍺)⍺⍺

<syntaxhighlight lang=apl> <syntaxhighlight lang=apl>

...ell]] of the given array. Table shares its [[glyph]] <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍪</syntaxhighlight> with the dyadic function [[catenate|Catenate F <syntaxhighlight lang=apl>

...ne>∘</syntaxhighlight>) for the [[Circle|circular]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>○</syntaxhighlight>) domain. Complex shares its glyph with [[Imagi == History ==

...ir primitive). Dyadic Pair is similar to the [[Link]] primitive in [[SHARP APL]] and [[J]], but Link has an asymmetric definition that adds its left argum ...|catenation]] of the [[enclose]]d arguments, written <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>,⍥⊂</syntaxhighlight> using [[Over]].<ref>[https://www.jsoftware

== History == ...erse their decision.<ref name="roots">[[Garth Foster|Foster, Garth]]. "The APL user community - its roots" at [[IPSA '80]].</ref>

...ntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>g"f</syntaxhighlight> (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>"</syntaxhighlight> is the Rank operator). Every language with funct == History ==

:''This article is about the publication. For the APL glyph, see [[Quad name]].'' ...1990s and early 2000s, and [[Vector journal]] took on the role of primary APL publication. The last issue of Quote Quad was volume 35, issue 4 in Decembe

...in]] in 2006.<ref>[[APLNow]]. [http://www.apl2000.com/productwin.php#info3 APL+Win Version 6.0]. 2006.</ref> They are also present in [[J]], where they ma ...espace references, if they are used, are semantically different from older APL types. Nonetheless, it is possible to place namespace references into array

...influence on time-sharing, with many time-sharing systems being written in APL. ...aring Corporation. The two companies offered systems using the same APL, [[APL*PLUS]], with IPSA focusing on the Canadian market and STSC on the United St

<syntaxhighlight lang=apl> </syntaxhighlight>{{Works in|[[Dyalog APL]]}}

| title = The APL Machine ...= [[APL\360]], [[APL*PLUS]], [[APL/700]], [[SHARP APL]], [[NARS]], [[APL.SV]]

<syntaxhighlight lang=apl> <syntaxhighlight lang=apl>

...L]]. [https://www.jsoftware.com/papers/APLDictionary1.htm#colon Custom]. [[APL Quote Quad]], Volume 18, Number 1, 1987-09.</ref>) and '''Fit''' in [[J]], ...system operator alternative was provided in form of <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⎕OPT</syntaxhighlight>.

...introduced in [[APL\360]] which returns the ''ravel'' of an array. In the APL [[array model]], an array's ravel is the [[vector]] containing all its [[el <syntaxhighlight lang=apl>

| influenced by = [[Dyalog APL]] ...y [[John Gibbons]]. It uses the [[nested array model]] and closely follows APL-derived languages semantically, differing from tradition in its use of atla

...APL\360 project manager. Falkoff is also credited with coining [[the name APL]] based on Iverson's [[A Programming Language]]. ...al System", published jointly with Iverson, was the first description of [[APL\360]].

...sold Adaytum Planning software. The product, written primarily in [[Dyalog APL]] and later including [[J]] components, connected [[Dyalog Ltd.]] with [[IP ...es/apl50/Dyalog%20APL%20A%20Personal%20History.pdf "Dyalog APL: A Personal History"].</ref> Haddleton's company continued to develop the product with signific

== History == ...RP-based APL products APLIWIN, APLIPC, and APLI386, but discontinued these APL offerings after a few years.<ref>ISI. Miscellaneous documents held in [http

...acm.org/doi/10.1145/585956.585958 A brief history of the APL community]. [[APL Quote Quad]] Volume 6 Number 4. 1975-12.</ref> After leaving she worked as {{APL community}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Gibson}}[[Category:People]][[Category:I.P. Sharp A

...d consultant, headed development and sales of commercial software based on APL, and is currently the CEO of [[Dyalog Ltd.]]<ref>[[Dyalog Ltd]]. [https://w == History ==

...ine>⊢</syntaxhighlight>). Conjugate shares the glyph <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>+</syntaxhighlight> with [[Add]]. <syntaxhighlight lang=apl>

...ic). Those that are broadly compatible with [[APL\360]] are placed in the "APL dialects" column. ! Year !! APL dialects !! Other languages

...adopted, and its primitives in particular are supported by all commercial APL dialects. ...and D. L. Orth. [https://doi.org/10.1145/800137.804495 "Development of an APL standard"] at [[APL79]].</ref> In 1987 an edited form of this standard was

...tended Dyalog APL]], [[dzaima/APL]], and [[Kap]] (as <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊇</syntaxhighlight>), [[J]] (as <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>{</ ...FFX@6OuRVyP@qYChaEKFNQTk5JTUtPU//8HAA Try it online!]<syntaxhighlight lang=apl>

...en used for [[Split]], and the [[Right Shoe]] symbol <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊃</syntaxhighlight> for [[First]] or [[Mix]].'' ...tor's axis with the first axis of each element. Raze is present in [[SHARP APL]], [[A+]], [[J]], and [[BQN]].

...p the indices or major cells of an argument. It was introduced in [[Dyalog APL]] version 14.0 and is commonly compared to SQL's [[wikipedia:Group by (SQL) <syntaxhighlight lang=apl>

...sidered important for [[tacit programming]] and a characteristic of modern APL. ...unctions (which themselves can be tacit or not), and <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>A</syntaxhighlight> is an array. The arguments are processed by the

...://mlochbaum.github.io/BQN/commentary/history.html#group BQN's development history: Group].</ref> {{APL built-ins}}[[Category:Primitive functions]]

...he APL language itself) or Service (assistance or support to SIGAPL or the APL community generally). The award consists of a plaque and a certificate, and The award is named in honor of [[Kenneth E. Iverson]], the creator of APL.

<syntaxhighlight lang="apl"> <syntaxhighlight lang="apl">

...d only for computer implementations of Iverson's language, starting with [[APL\360]]. Falkoff coined the name in 1966 during the implementation of [[APL\360]] at [[IBM]]. [[Eugene McDonnell]] writes<ref name="mcdonnell" /> that,

...] (which supported only flat and not nested arrays), it is the most recent APL standard. While based primarily on [[APL2]], the standard includes some fea ...m.org/doi/abs/10.1145/192447.192459 Creating the APL extended standard]. [[APL Quote Quad]] Volume 25, Issue 2. 1994-12-01.</ref>

...ng=apl inline>⍺</syntaxhighlight> and right argument <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍵</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang=apl>

<syntaxhighlight lang=apl> <syntaxhighlight lang=apl>

[[File:Mastering-Dyalog-APL.jpg|thumb|right|Mastering Dyalog APL book cover]] === Learning APL ===

...founded [[STSC]]. There he developed the [[time-sharing]] system used by [[APL*PLUS]], and [[Mailbox]], one of the first ever [[wikipedia:email|email]] sy ...Murray Hopper Award]] "for their work in the design and implementation of APL\360, setting new standards in simplicity, efficiency, reliability and respo

...anguage implementation. Many other commercial [[vendors]] have implemented APL at some point. ..., and others; [[APL*PLUS]] includes [[APL+Win]] and [[APL64]]; and [[SHARP APL]] includes [[SAX]].

== APL dialects == ...ps://computerhistory.org/blogs/apl360-software-license-agreement/ Computer History Museum]

Some modern versions of APL include a set of keywords for [[wikipedia:Control flow|controlling flow]] o ...t inline lang=apl>:Hold</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight inline lang=apl>:Disposable</syntaxhighlight>. The use of control structures defined by the

<syntaxhighlight lang=apl> {{Works in|[[Dyalog APL]], [[dzaima/APL]], [[NARS2000]]}}

== History and terminology == ...nce [[APL\360]]. An example which extends the scalar <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>2</syntaxhighlight> is:

| 1966 || [[APL\360]] completed and used within [[IBM]] | 1968 || [[APL\1130]] released as an [[wikipedia:IBM Type-III Library|IBM Type-III Library

...upper hand when compared to other production languages. This is thanks to APL's array comprehension and common operations being represented by [[glyph|si ...APL answers within a relatively short time. They tend to convene in the [[APL Orchard]] to ask for help, discuss solutions, and challenge each other.

...rade Up''' and gives the ascending sort order, while <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍒</syntaxhighlight> is called '''Grade Down''' and gives the desce <syntaxhighlight lang=apl>

...APL]] in the early 1980s and is now a major feature of [[J]] and [[Dyalog APL]], as well as languages influenced by these. The name "leading axis" comes ...>,"_1</syntaxhighlight> (which transliterates to APL <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>,⍤¯1</syntaxhighlight>) in both valences.

...tions to the implementation of interactive systems, to educational uses of APL, and to programming language theory and practice". == History ==

'''The APL Farm''' (invite links: [https://discord.gg/yHna7nt7zx Discord], [https://ma The APL Farm is intended as a welcoming space for APL and non-APL users alike. The main channels that are bridged together across Matrix and

...r at Adaytum (now Cognos), he is also an active member of Dyalog's team of APL developers, a prolific speaker at various events, and a frequent author on == History ==

'''Allen J. Rose''' was an APL educator at [[IBM]], and later a co-founder and vice president of [[STSC]]. ...w&target=JimBrownsPersonalHistoryOf_APL_20170405.pdf A Personal History of APL]. Updated 2017-04-05.</ref>

| file ext = .apl | influenced by = [[APL.SV]]

...ol vector. [[Bob Bernecky]] has suggested the syntax <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>a(u\)b</syntaxhighlight> (requiring [[Expand]] to be an [[operator]] ! Iverson notation !! Description !! Modern APL (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⎕IO←0</syntaxhighlight>) || Notes

<syntaxhighlight lang=apl> <syntaxhighlight lang=apl>

{{Built-in|Interval Index|⍸}}, or '''Bins''' (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍋</syntaxhighlight>) in [[A+]] and [[BQN]], is a [[primitive funct ...ariations on Interval Index. Examples here are based primarily on [[Dyalog APL]]'s model.

| index origin = <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>)ORIGIN</syntaxhighlight> 0 or 1 | influenced by = [[APL\360]]

...notation were defined in [[IVSYS/7090]] and [[APL\360]], but removed from APL\360 before its public release in 1968. ...ht lang=apl inline>J↓V</syntaxhighlight> was written <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>(~(⍴V)⍺J)/V</syntaxhighlight>.

...le/obituary.html Obituary of Joey Keith Tuttle]. 2024-03-09.</ref>) was an APL programmer at [[IBM]] and [[I.P. Sharp Associates]], and later a [[J]] prog ...f>[[Roger Hui]]. [https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Essays/Key Essays/Key]. "History".</ref><ref>[[Eugene McDonnell]]. [https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Doc/Arti

...w&target=JimBrownsPersonalHistoryOf_APL_20170405.pdf A Personal History of APL]. Updated 2017-04-05.</ref> More's work is also cited as an influence on [[ {{APL community}}{{DEFAULTSORT:More}}[[Category:People]]

[[File:APL Campfire Logo.png|thumb|right|[[humour#apples|Humorous]] promotional logo.] ...r that. Each session is about an hour. The event focuses on the history of APL programming, inviting participants to tell stories of their experiences in

...and D. L. Orth. [https://doi.org/10.1145/800137.804495 "Development of an APL standard"] at [[APL79]].</ref> ...8_11_12.pdf pdf])</ref> and designed and implemented interfaces to [[SHARP APL]]. He was appointed product manager for operating systems and auxiliary pro

...Dictionary of APL]] defines Iota to have [[function rank]] 0, and [[SHARP APL]] gives it rank 1 but requires each row (1-[[cell]]) of the argument to hav ...ng=apl inline>⍳n</syntaxhighlight> returns the first <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>n</syntaxhighlight> [[index|indices]] in order:

.../syntaxhighlight><ref>[[Adám Brudzewsky]]. Message {{M|59999223}} in the [[APL Orchard]], quoting CEO [[Gitte Christensen]]. 2021-12-28.</ref>]] ...ller of [[IBM]] hardware but is now supported primarily by sales of Dyalog APL.

...nguage in addition to his work on components of the interpreter written in APL such as [[user command]]s. == History ==

| influenced by = [[APL.SV]] ...GOL design. [[Larry Breed]] and [[Phil Abrams]] assisted in developing the APL compiler.

...and [[Arthur Whitney]] are the only people to achieve substantial fame for APL or array programming). ...able through the restructure and transpose functions of APL]. ACM SIGAPL [[APL Quote Quad]]. Volume 23, Issue 2. Dec. 1992.</ref>

...ions as [[Take]], and a detailed description of those extensions and their history is given in that article rather than this one. Unlike Take, Drop never uses <syntaxhighlight lang=apl>

...ived the [[Iverson Award]] for their role in creating and promoting Dyalog APL. ...145/309730.309731 "An interview with Peter Donnelley and John Scholes"]. [[APL Quote Quad]] Volume 28 Issue 3. 1998-03.</ref> In 1990, he, Scholes, and ha

...argument length match the right argument rank, and was extended in [[SHARP APL]] 19.0 to allow short left arguments. It is closely related to [[Drop]], wh <syntaxhighlight lang=apl>

...https://mlochbaum.github.io/BQN/commentary/history.html "BQN's development history"].</ref> New I features that later appeared in other languages (not always {{APL dialects}}[[Category:List-based array languages]][[Category:Languages with

The [[:Template:APL community|APL community]] and various [[:Category:user groups|user groups]] offer plenty ...g]] || Week-long annual conference by [[Dyalog Ltd]] for users of [[Dyalog APL]] and other array programmers

...ll]], and [[Larry Breed]] who worked at IBM before moving elsewhere. While APL efforts were allowed substantial freedom as research projects, the language == APL development ==

...⍵</syntaxhighlight> between the two and then applies <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍺⍺⌿</syntaxhighlight> to the results of those invocations. If <syntaxhighlight lang=apl>

...ist and co-developer of the programming language [[J]], and later [[Dyalog APL]]. He ran and maintained the [[Jsoftware]] website. == History ==

...inline>/</syntaxhighlight> is called Replicate while <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⌿</syntaxhighlight> is called "Replicate First" or an equivalent. Replicate is usually associated with [[Expand]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>\</syntaxhighlight>), and the two functions are related to [[Mask]]

[[File:APL Orchard activity.png|thumb|right|Typical activity over a 24-hour period (UT ...has since developed its own community. It was at one point the most active APL chat room, with over 1.000 messages per week. It passed a total of a 100.00

...nstead of round parentheses <code>(⋄)</code>), and some tools for [[Dyalog APL]], where it is planned as an eventual language feature. ...of a vector. It also supports [[namespace]]s, using <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>name:value</syntaxhighlight> syntax in round parentheses. [[Statemen

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''APL''\360}}{{Infobox array language | title = ''APL''\360

...ve]]s are [[Backwards compatibility|backwards compatible]] with those of [[APL.SV]]. However, there are important dialectal differences, the most signific ...rrently maintained dialects ([[Dyalog APL]], [[NARS2000]], [[APL2]], [[GNU APL]], and others) use the nested array model.

...cts, or are precursors of such features. Features are ordered by the first APL dialect to implement them, and previous definitions in other array language ...[[Reshape]], [[Ravel]], [[Catenate]], [[Rotate]] (as <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>↑↓</syntaxhighlight>), [[Member of]], [[Encode]], [[Decode]], [[

...ct-oriented programming|object]] model. Daintree was awarded the [[British APL Association]]'s Outstanding Achievement Award in 2001 for his work on .NET ...s immediately successful and provided a major competitive advantage over [[APL*PLUS]].<ref>Stephen Taylor. [http://archive.vector.org.uk/art10013790 "How

<syntaxhighlight lang=apl> ...s.<ref>[[Adin Falkoff|Falkoff, Adin]] and [[Ken Iverson]]. ''The Design of APL''. [https://www.jsoftware.com/papers/APLDesign1.htm#6 Formal manipulation].

...tion|primitive]] and [[system function]]s) have been introduced, with each APL dialect supporting one or more of these styles. The three major branches ar ...es]] named these functions "tradfns" to contrast with [[dfn]]s in [[Dyalog APL]]. Most APLs with this type of function syntax share almost all details of

...eloper of Kx Technology"]. 2004-01-04. Archived 2015-08-13.</ref>, and his APL work was limited to a few summer consulting jobs.<ref name="cantrill">Cantr ...[https://www.jsoftware.com/papers/APLPersonalView.htm "A personal view of APL"]. IBM Systems Journal. 30 (4): 582–593. 1991.

| influenced by = [[SAX]], [[Rationalized APL]] | influenced = [[Dyalog APL]], [[NARS2000]], [[I]], [[BQN]]

...wever, there have also been several significant languages that retain core APL ideas while breaking compatibility, including [[Ken Iverson|Iverson]]'s own APL dialects that emphasize backward compatibility typically apply greater caut

[[File:APL logo.png|thumb|right|The official APL logo.]] [[File:APL matrix logo Clarendon.png|thumb|right|"APL Matrix" — the backup option.]]

'''James Arthur Brown''' is an APL language designer and the primary force behind [[IBM]]'s [[APL2]]. In this ...w&target=JimBrownsPersonalHistoryOf_APL_20170405.pdf A Personal History of APL]. Updated 2017-04-05.</ref>

...n]]s are considered a type of defined function in [[Dyalog APL]] and [[GNU APL]].'' ...ion was universally supported by APL dialects for much of the language's [[history]], and is still commonly used in mainstream APLs. Since the 1990s other way

...nguages = [[wikipedia:C (programming language)|C]], [[wikipedia:C++|C++]], APL | file ext = .dws, .dse, .dcf, .dyalog, .dyapp, .apl, .apla, .aplf, .aplo, .apln, .aplc, .apli

...https://mlochbaum.github.io/BQN/commentary/history.html "BQN's development history"].</ref> ...]. Although it maintains the concept of array-driven computing and much of APL's array functionality, BQN discards all [[backwards compatibility|compatibi

...05120746/http://www.chastney.com/~philip/SImPL/APL_fonts_are_different.pdf APL fonts are different]'' </ref> This article lists some fonts that are suited for APL, and shows how to use them.

'''TryAPL''' is online service that allows trying out a subset of [[Dyalog APL]]. The back-end is a [https://github.com/Dyalog/Jarvis Jarvis] server that ...l enable clicking on the bookmark to pop up a box wherein one can enter an APL expression, which will then be executed, and the result shown in another po

...ef> Proceedings were published by IPSA for all conferences, with the name "APL Users Meeting". | [[#1978|1978]] || September 18–20 || ''An APL Users Meeting conference proceedings''

...s wit]]. This article attempts to list and explain specific expressions of APL-themed humour. APL's unique [[glyphs]] are a constant source of puns and allusions. Most puns

[[Dyalog APL]] is released in numbered versions, with approximately one version per year For information about versions prior to 10.0, see [[Dyalog APL#Versions]].

...007. The last conference was held in 2010: organized in association with [[APL Germany]] and integrated with Dyalog's user meeting that year, it was seen | The Conference on APL "The March On Armonk"