Ravel

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Ravel (,) is a primitive function introduced in APL\360 which returns the ravel of an array. In the APL array model, an array's ravel is the vector containing all its elements in ravel order. It is equivalent to reshaping an array using its bound for the new shape. Reshaping the ravel using the original array's shape restores that array.

In some APLs an axis may be specified for Ravel in order to combine only some axes of an array, or insert a length-1 axis.

The name "ravel" references the process of undoing woven or knitted fabric, thus removing its structure and rendering it linear.

Examples

You can use ravel to squash a matrix down to one dimension. The elements are listed in reading order—left to right, top to bottom.

      ⎕←x ← 3 4⍴⍳12            ⍝ A matrix
1  2  3  4
5  6  7  8
9 10 11 12
      ,x                      ⍝ Its ravel
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
      ⍴,x                     ⍝ The shape is the total number of elements
12
      (,×/⍴x) ≡ ⍴,x           ⍝ Or the product of the original shape
1

Ravelling a scalar yields a singleton vector.

      ,3
3
      3 ≡ ,3                  ⍝ Not the same
0
      ⍴,3                     ⍝ It's now a vector
1

String notation cannot produce a single-character string since it produces a scalar character instead. Using Ravel on a list of characters in quotes ensures it will be a vector of characters.

      ≢⍴ 'a'                  ⍝ Scalar character
0
      ≢⍴ ,'a'                 ⍝ String
1

With axis

Axis specification may accept either a vector of two or more adjacent axis indices, or a single non-integer value. If multiple axes are given, they are merged into one axis whose length is the product of their lengths. If only one value is given, a new axis of length 1 is inserted in the indicated "gap" between axes.

      ⍴ ,[2 3] 5 4 3 2⍴0
5 12 2
      ⍴ ,[2.5] 5 4 3 2⍴0
5 4 1 3 2
Works in: Dyalog APL

Description

The ravel of an array A has shape ,×/⍴A and shares elements with A. Thus Ravel may be modelled as a reshaping function {(×/⍴⍵)⍴⍵}. The element with index vector I is moved to index (⍴A)⊥I in index origin 0, or ⎕IO+(⍴A)⊥I-⎕IO in arbitrary index origin.

As with any reshaping, the result of Ravel has the same prototype as the argument.

History

Ravel was present in the first version of APL\360[1] and has been included in every APL since.

See also

External links

Lessons

Documentation

  • BQN (as Deshape)

References

  1. Falkoff, A.D., and K.E. Iverson. "The APL\360 Terminal System". Research Report RC-1922, IBM, 1967-10-16.


APL features [edit]
Built-ins Primitives (functions, operators) ∙ Quad name
Array model ShapeRankDepthBoundIndex (Indexing) ∙ AxisRavelRavel orderElementScalarVectorMatrixSimple scalarSimple arrayNested arrayCellMajor cellSubarrayEmpty arrayPrototype
Data types Number (Boolean, Complex number) ∙ Character (String) ∙ BoxNamespaceFunction array
Concepts and paradigms Conformability (Scalar extension, Leading axis agreement) ∙ Scalar function (Pervasion) ∙ Identity elementComplex floorArray ordering (Total) ∙ Tacit programming (Function composition, Close composition) ∙ GlyphLeading axis theoryMajor cell search
Errors LIMIT ERRORRANK ERRORSYNTAX ERRORDOMAIN ERRORLENGTH ERRORINDEX ERRORVALUE ERROREVOLUTION ERROR
APL built-ins [edit]
Primitives (Timeline) Functions
Scalar
Monadic ConjugateNegateSignumReciprocalMagnitudeExponentialNatural LogarithmFloorCeilingFactorialNotPi TimesRollTypeImaginarySquare Root
Dyadic AddSubtractTimesDivideResiduePowerLogarithmMinimumMaximumBinomialComparison functionsBoolean functions (And, Or, Nand, Nor) ∙ GCDLCMCircularComplexRoot
Non-Scalar
Structural ShapeReshapeTallyDepthRavelEnlistTableCatenateReverseRotateTransposeRazeMixSplitEncloseNestCut (K)PairLinkPartitioned EnclosePartition
Selection FirstPickTakeDropUniqueIdentityStopSelectReplicateExpandSet functions (IntersectionUnionWithout) ∙ Bracket indexingIndexCartesian ProductSort
Selector Index generatorGradeIndex OfInterval IndexIndicesDealPrefix and suffix vectors
Computational MatchNot MatchMembershipFindNub SieveEncodeDecodeMatrix InverseMatrix DivideFormatExecuteMaterialiseRange
Operators Monadic EachCommuteConstantReplicateExpandReduceWindowed ReduceScanOuter ProductKeyI-BeamSpawnFunction axis
Dyadic BindCompositions (Compose, Reverse Compose, Beside, Withe, Atop, Over) ∙ Inner ProductDeterminantPowerAtUnderRankDepthVariantStencilCutDirect definition (operator)
Quad names Index originComparison toleranceMigration levelAtomic vector